1. S₁: Human ways of life have steadily changed.
S₆: During the last few years change has been even more rapid than usual.

P: From that time to this, civilisation has always been changing.
Q: About ten thousand years ago, man lived entirely by hunting.
R: Ancient Egypt -Greece - the Roman Empire - the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages - the Renaissance the age of modem science and of modern nations - one has succeeded the other; and history has never stood still.
S: A settled, civilised life began only when agriculture was discovered.

2. S₁: The path of Venus lies inside, the path of the Earth.
S₆: When at, its brightest, it, is easily seen with the naked eye in broad daylight.

P: When at its farthest from the Earth, Venus is 160 million miles away.
Q: With such a wide range between its greatest and least distances it is natural that at sometimes Venus appears much brighter than others.
R: No other body ever comes so near the Earth, with the exception of the.Moon and an occasional comet or asteroid.
S: When Venus is at its nearest to the Earth, it is only 26 million miles away.

3. S₁: At the age of four, Jagdish Chandra Bose was sent to a village 'pathshala'.
S₆: His mother, too, reinforced what he learnt and did at school.

P: This step proved beneficial to the boy, for he thus became familiar with his mother tongue and learnt to read and write it.
Q: This was very unusual because -a man of his father's status was expected to send his son' to an English school.
R: He also became acquainted with some of the rich treasures of Indian culture.
S: At the same time he mixed with children of all castes and lost the sense of class superiority.

4. S₁: The domestic cat is a contradiction in itself
S₆: Hence it has won such a reputation for obedience and loyalty.

P: But the adult pet dog also sees its human family as the dominant members of the pack.
Q: Nursed in kittenhood it develops extraordinary intimacy with mankind.
R: The dog, like the pet cat, sees its owners as pseudo - parents.
S: At the same time, however, the cat continues to retain its independence.

5. S₁: Gandhi's first political fast was made soon after his return from Africa.
S₆: He did not. fast against the mill owners, but in order to strengthen the determination of the strikers.

P: He had also received help from this man's sister.
Q: This was when the poor labourers of the cotton mills of Ahmedabad were on strike.
R: He was a friend of the largest mill owner.
S: Gandhi had made the strikers promise to remain on strike until the owners agreed to accept the decision of an arbitrator.

6. S₁: Progress and success are attained in slow degrees.
S₆: However, we must realise the truth that perfection is attained in slow proportions to the amount of labour put in by us.

P: But slow progress makes us grow impatient, disheartened and discouraged.
Q: The general tendency is to find fault with the system.
R: It is for this reason that people condemn and criticise the government.
S: People expect miracles and nothing short of a magical transformation can convince them.

7. S₁: In the present day it is not necessary that generals or great officers should fight with their own hands, because it is their duty to direct the movements of their followers.
S₆: Robert Bruce was so remarkably active and powerful that he came through manypersonal dangers.

P: But in the ancient times, kings and great lords were obliged to put themselves into the very front.
Q: Therefore, it was of great consequence that they should be strong men and dexterous in the use of their arms.
R: The artillery and the soldiers shoot at the enemy, and men seldom mingle and fight hand to hand.
S: They fought like ordinary men with the lance and other weapons.

8. S₁: The Hound of Baskervilles was feared by the people of the area.
S₆: The Hound of Baskervilles remains an unsolved mystery.

P: Some people spoke of seeing a huge, shadowy form of a hound at midnight on the moor.
Q: But they spoke of it in tones of horror.
R: Nobody had actually seen the hound.
S: This shadowy form did not reveal any details about the animal.

9. S₁: The houses in the Indus Valley were built of baked bricks.
S₆: They led outside into covered sewers which ran down the side of the streets.

P: This staircase sometimes continued upwards on to the roof.
Q: Access to the upstairs rooms was by a narrow stone staircase at the back of the house.
R: The drains were incorporated in the walls.
S: The houses had bathrooms and water closets, rubbish chutes and excellent drainage systems.

10. S₁: Most of the perishable foods are shipped by refrigerator ships.
S₆: Ripe bananas are poor travellers and even one ripe banana at the start of the trip can spoil a whole ship load of fruit.

P: They are placed in the refrigerated hold of the ship.
Q: Some foods, such as bananas, are shipped before they get ripe.
R: As the green bananas are loaded, a man watchbs closely the signs of yellow on them.
S: The cool temperatures keep the bananas from getting ripe during the trip.